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The economic and military strengths of the dominant world power(s) fall relative to those of the rising world power(s), leading them to become roughly comparable powers and to begin challenging each other in economic and military conflicts over their disagreements.
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Big increases in economic wars take the form of economic sanctions and trade blockages.
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Economic, military, and ideological alliances form.
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Proxy wars increase.
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Financial stress, deficits, and debts increase, especially for the leading powers that are most overextended financially.
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Critical industries and supply chains are increasingly controlled by governments.
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Trade chokepoints become weaponized.
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Powerful new technologies for war are built.
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Multi-theater conflicts increasingly happen simultaneously.
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Within countries, loyal support for the country’s leadership is demanded and opposition to the war and other policies is squashed, because as Lincoln quoted from the Bible, “A house divided against itself cannot stand,” especially when it is at war.
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Direct military combat between major powers occurs.
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There are big increases in taxes, debt issuance, money creation, FX controls, capital controls, and financial repression to finance the wars. In some cases, markets are shut down. (Read Chapter 7 in Principles for Dealing with the Changing World Order for a more complete explanation of investing during war.)
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Eventually, one side beats the other and gains indisputable control of the new order, which is designed by the winning side.
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Money, debt, and economics in big cycles of monetary order and disorder;
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Political and social orders breaking down because of big wealth and value differences;
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Regional and world orders breaking down because of big wealth and value differences;
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Great advances in technology that are being used for both peaceful and war purposes, and the financial bubbles related to them that typically turn into busts; and
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Acts of nature such as droughts, floods, and pandemics.