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2016-02-23

习近平收紧媒体控制,强化个人权威



习近平收紧媒体控制,强化个人权威

黄安伟2016年2月23日
国家主席习近平(中)上周五在北京参观《人民日报》编辑部时,周围的人在鼓掌。国家主席习近平(中)上周五在北京参观《人民日报》编辑部时,周围的人在鼓掌。Lan Hongguang/Xinhua, via Associated Press

北京——中国新闻媒体对国家主席习近平最近几次公开露面的报道,极尽吹捧之能事,犹如对待一个神明般的人物。

全国各大报纸以头版头条大肆宣扬习近平上周五对三大党报和官方媒体机构的视察。照片显示,一群阿谀奉承的记者围绕在习近平身旁,后者则坐在一间演播室的主播台上。一名媒体官员还给习近平写了一首表达崇敬的诗。

这些铺天盖地的报道反映了习近平在这次精心安排的视察活动中所宣布的无所顾忌且触及范围甚广的媒体政策:中国的新闻媒体是共产党的宣传工具,必须效忠于习近平。

自习近平在2012年底成为最高领导人之后,中共就一直在收紧对媒体的控制,尽管如此,这项新的媒体政策,扫除了在习近平认为媒体首先是党的喉舌这一问题上的任何疑问。

习近平想把党的讯息施加到国内——以及国外——的所有媒体平台上,涵盖广告和娱乐领域。这与他的前任胡锦涛的做法有所不同。胡锦涛强调官方媒体要对现代数字环境做出更灵活的反应,要影响或引导舆论。

据官方通讯社新华社报道,习近平周五对在座的媒体官员表示,"党的新闻舆论媒体的所有工作,都要体现党的意志、反映党的主张,维护党中央权威、维护党的团结。"

习近平还想遏制外国媒体公司在中国的发展。上周,政府机构宣布了一项规定,禁止外国企业在中国的网络上发布和传播内容。这项规定将会影响到微软(Microsoft)、苹果(Apple)和亚马逊(Amazon)等公司。

习近平在周五的视察工作,是他开展的一项运动中的又一重要举措。该运动试图唤起人们对他的个人崇拜,将他与党和国家的福祉挂钩。新闻机构领导人"表态"——即表忠诚的行为——也正是习近平去年要求军队领导人和其他重要人物做出的举动。

习近平加强控制的时机,恰逢他面临压力之时:中国经济放缓、党内广泛存在腐败行为、公众对污染和环境恶化普遍感到不满。

中国官方英文报纸《中国日报》周日发表的一篇文章试图解释为何习近平在这个时候推出他的这项政策。

"媒体需要恢复民众对党的信任,尤其是在经济进入新常态,以及出现中国经济正在下行且拖累了全球经济之类的说法时,"文中称。

"官方新闻机构对维护政治稳定至关重要,领导层不能干等着它们跟上时代,"文中写到。

习近平的指示也会让外国政府更难判断,在他们的国家活动的中国新闻工作者,哪些是在真正地采集新闻,哪些只是在为宣传、情报或其他官方利益服务。几家重要的党报和官方新闻机构都在大幅扩展它们在海外的业务,其中包括美国。

在加州大学伯克利研究中共信息控制的学者萧强认为,习近平之所以推出这一新政策,是因为"尽管他过去三年一直在加强对媒体的控制,但他并不完全确定,官方媒体,甚至包括新华社和中央电视台这样最为核心的机构,已经彻底在他的掌控之下。"

香港大学"中国传媒研究计划"(China Media Project)主编班志远(David Bandurski)表示,"在习近平治下,党的中心地位,对于每个单独的媒体而言,都是非常明确的。"

"我认为那种感觉就像是,'你是我们的,由我们管,我们来告诉你事情该怎么做,'"他说。"'党是中心,你要服务于我们的议程。'现在又比过去集中得多,而且适用于所有媒体平台,不管是社交媒体,还是商业媒体。"

本周一,作为各媒体官员如何拥护习近平新政策的一个表现,北京市委宣传部主管的一家网站对知名地产大亨任志强进行了抨击,因为后者对习近平在上周五的言论提出了不同意见。任志强在微博上表示,媒体应该服务于人民,而非党。该网站随即指责任志强,作为一名共产党员,"失去了党性"、"反党"。任志强发的那条微博帖子也被删除。

在习近平治下,旨在加强媒体控制的新政策是逐步推出的。这种控制涉及媒体的方方面面,包括社交网络、影视、书籍等。

最近一条此类规定是于上周由两个部门联合发布的。这项新《意见》表示,自3月10日起,外资企业——甚至包括与中国合作伙伴成立了合资企业的那些——将不能在中国互联网上发布和传播内容。很多针对中国观众的外国出版和制作机构总部设在海外,但也有一小部分在中国设有重要的运营机构或合资公司,它们可能会受到这条新规定的威胁,其中包括微软和苹果公司,后者在中国运营着一个应用商店。此外,亚马逊也在中国销售电子图书,还运营着中文亚马逊网站。

习近平所做的媒体政策讲话并没有立刻完整发布。有关这一讲话的多篇文章表示,习主席还要求新闻记者和新闻机构"牢牢坚持马克思主义新闻观"和"高举旗帜"——意指推进党的利益。

习近平的政策是一点点成型的。2013年,政府开始要求所有中国记者参加考试,以便更新记者证。此举的一个目的,就是让新闻采编人员"更有意识地保持马克思主义新闻观"。

那一年,中国的最高司法机构表示,"寻衅滋事"的刑事指控可适用于网上言论。自那之后,当局就开始利用它来压制网上的异见。

在好几宗引人注目的案件中,官员对新闻工作者提出了各种各样的指控,从给境外人士提供信息,到"散布"与股市和经济有关的"谣言"。

中国新闻机构,包括之前颇具探索精神、受商业驱动那些,比如《南方周末》,都在变得驯顺。《人民日报》成为了习近平的追星宣传机器。去年12月的一天,该报头版有12条新闻,其中11条里面都有他的名字。

一些政治分析人士指出,习近平试图完全控制媒体,这既和他个人的不安全感有关,也和他的马克思列宁主义意识形态有关。

"最重要的是宣示主权,"历史学者章立凡说。"他感觉并不得心应手,缺乏安全感。"

章立凡还说,"他担心中共会失去政治权力,也担心他的同事会让他退下来。"

黄安伟(Edward Wong)是《纽约时报》北京分社社长。

Zhang Tiantian对本文有研究贡献。

翻译:纽约时报中文网

点击查看本文英文版。

Xi Jinping's News Alert: Chinese Media Must Serve the Party

By EDWARD WONG February 23, 2016

习近平收紧媒体控制,强化个人权威

黄安伟

BEIJING — The Chinese news media covered President Xi Jinping's most recent public appearances with the adulation befitting a demigod.

北京——中国新闻媒体对国家主席习近平最近几次公开露面的报道,极尽吹捧之能事,犹如对待一个神明般的人物。

Front-page headlines across the nation trumpeted Mr. Xi's visits to the headquarters of the three main Communist Party and state news organizations on Friday. Photographs showed fawning journalists crowding around Mr. Xi, who sat at an anchor's desk on a television stage. One media official wrote the president an adoring poem.

全国各大报纸以头版头条大肆宣扬习近平上周五对三大党报和官方媒体机构的视察。照片显示,一群阿谀奉承的记者围绕在习近平身旁,后者则坐在一间演播室的主播台上。一名媒体官员还给习近平写了一首表达崇敬的诗。

The blanket coverage reflected the brazen and far-reaching media policy announced by Mr. Xi on his choreographed tour: The Chinese news media exists to serve as a propaganda tool for the Communist Party, and it must pledge its fealty to Mr. Xi.

这些铺天盖地的报道反映了习近平在这次精心安排的视察活动中所宣布的无所顾忌且触及范围甚广的媒体政策:中国的新闻媒体是共产党的宣传工具,必须效忠于习近平。

Though the party has been tightening its control over the media since Mr. Xi became the top leader in late 2012, the new policy removes any doubt that in the president's view, the media should be first and foremost a party mouthpiece.

自习近平在2012年底成为最高领导人之后,中共就一直在收紧对媒体的控制,尽管如此,这项新的媒体政策,扫除了在习近平认为媒体首先是党的喉舌这一问题上的任何疑问。

Mr. Xi wants to push the party's message domestically — and internationally — across all media platforms, including advertising and entertainment. That is a shift from his predecessor, Hu Jintao, who stressed the need for the state-run media to become more responsive to the modern digital environment and shape or channel public opinion.

习近平想把党的讯息施加到国内——以及国外——的所有媒体平台上,涵盖广告和娱乐领域。这与他的前任胡锦涛的做法有所不同。胡锦涛强调官方媒体要对现代数字环境做出更灵活的反应,要影响或引导舆论。

"All news media run by the party must work to speak for the party's will and its propositions, and protect the party's authority and unity," Mr. Xi told the gathered media officials on Friday, according to Xinhua, the state news agency.

据官方通讯社新华社报道,习近平周五对在座的媒体官员表示,"党的新闻舆论媒体的所有工作,都要体现党的意志、反映党的主张,维护党中央权威、维护党的团结。"

Mr. Xi also wants to curb the presence of foreign media companies. Last week, government agencies announced a regulation that would prevent foreign companies from publishing and distributing content online in China. That could affect Microsoft, Apple and Amazon, among others.

习近平还想遏制外国媒体公司在中国的发展。上周,政府机构宣布了一项规定,禁止外国企业在中国的网络上发布和传播内容。这项规定将会影响到微软(Microsoft)、苹果(Apple)和亚马逊(Amazon)等公司。

Mr. Xi's appearances on Friday were another major effort in his campaign to build a personality cult that equates only him with the well-being of the party and the nation. The act of biao tai, or pledging loyalty, by newsroom leaders was one that Mr. Xi has demanded of military leaders and other important figures in the last year.

习近平在周五的视察工作,是他开展的一项运动中的又一重要举措。该运动试图唤起人们对他的个人崇拜,将他与党和国家的福祉挂钩。新闻机构领导人"表态"——即表忠诚的行为——也正是习近平去年要求军队领导人和其他重要人物做出的举动。

That tightening of control has come as Mr. Xi faces pressure about China's economy, partywide corruption and widespread public frustration over pollution and environmental degradation.

习近平加强控制的时机,恰逢他面临压力之时:中国经济放缓、党内广泛存在腐败行为、公众对污染和环境恶化普遍感到不满。

An essay in China Daily, the official English-language newspaper, offered an explanation on Monday about why Mr. Xi was unveiling his policy now.

中国官方英文报纸《中国日报》周日发表的一篇文章试图解释为何习近平在这个时候推出他的这项政策。

"It is necessary for the media to restore people's trust in the party, especially as the economy has entered a new normal and suggestions that it is declining and dragging down the global economy have emerged," the essay said.

"媒体需要恢复民众对党的信任,尤其是在经济进入新常态,以及出现中国经济正在下行且拖累了全球经济之类的说法时,"文中称。

"The nation's media outlets are essential to political stability and the leadership cannot afford to wait for them to catch up with times," it said.

"官方新闻机构对维护政治稳定至关重要,领导层不能干等着它们跟上时代,"文中写到。

Mr. Xi's directives would also make it harder for foreign governments to determine which Chinese journalists operating in their countries are legitimate news gatherers and which ones are agents serving propaganda, intelligence or other official interests. The major party and state-run news organizations have been greatly expanding their operations overseas, including in the United States.

习近平的指示也会让外国政府更难判断,在他们的国家活动的中国新闻工作者,哪些是在真正地采集新闻,哪些只是在为宣传、情报或其他官方利益服务。几家重要的党报和官方新闻机构都在大幅扩展它们在海外的业务,其中包括美国。

Mr. Xi's new policy came about because "despite the continuing tightening of control of the media over the last three years, Xi is not fully assured that the state media, even the most central ones such as Xinhua and CCTV, are fully under his control," said Xiao Qiang, a scholar in Berkeley, Calif., who researches the party's information control.

在加州大学伯克利研究中共信息控制的学者萧强认为,习近平之所以推出这一新政策,是因为"尽管他过去三年一直在加强对媒体的控制,但他并不完全确定,官方媒体,甚至包括新华社和中央电视台这样最为核心的机构,已经彻底在他的掌控之下。"

David Bandurski, the editor of the China Media Project at the University of Hong Kong, said that "under Xi Jinping, the centrality of the party is explicit for every single medium."

香港大学"中国传媒研究计划"(China Media Project)主编班志远(David Bandurski)表示,"在习近平治下,党的中心地位,对于每个单独的媒体而言,都是非常明确的。"

"I think the sense is, 'we own you, we run you, we tell you how things work,'" he said. "'The party is the center and you serve our agenda.' This is much more central now, and it's being defined for all media platforms, from social media to commercial media."

"我认为那种感觉就像是,'你是我们的,由我们管,我们来告诉你事情该怎么做,'"他说。"'党是中心,你要服务于我们的议程。'现在又比过去集中得多,而且适用于所有媒体平台,不管是社交媒体,还是商业媒体。"

On Monday, in a sign of how officials were embracing Mr. Xi's new policy, a website managed by the propaganda unit of the Beijing municipal party committee attacked a popular property tycoon, Ren Zhiqiang, who had criticized Mr. Xi's speech on Friday. The site accused Mr. Ren, a party member, of having "lost his party spirit" and "opposing the party" after he wrote on his microblog that the media should be serving the people and not the party. The posts by Mr. Ren have been deleted.

本周一,作为各媒体官员如何拥护习近平新政策的一个表现,北京市委宣传部主管的一家网站对知名地产大亨任志强进行了抨击,因为后者对习近平在上周五的言论提出了不同意见。任志强在微博上表示,媒体应该服务于人民,而非党。该网站随即指责任志强,作为一名共产党员,"失去了党性"、"反党"。任志强发的那条微博帖子也被删除。

Under Mr. Xi, there has been a steady rollout of policies aimed at tightening control of every aspect of the media, including social networks, films and books.

在习近平治下,旨在加强媒体控制的新政策是逐步推出的。这种控制涉及媒体的方方面面,包括社交网络、影视、书籍等。

The latest such regulation, announced last week by two agencies, said that starting March 10, foreign companies — even ones that form joint ventures with Chinese partners — would not be allowed to publish and distribute online content. Many foreign publishers and producers of online content aimed at a Chinese audience are based overseas, but a handful have significant operations or joint ventures in China that may be in jeopardy, including Microsoft and Apple, which has a Chinese App Store. Amazon sells e-books in China and operates Amazon.cn.

最近一条此类规定是于上周由两个部门联合发布的。这项新《意见》表示,自3月10日起,外资企业——甚至包括与中国合作伙伴成立了合资企业的那些——将不能在中国互联网上发布和传播内容。很多针对中国观众的外国出版和制作机构总部设在海外,但也有一小部分在中国设有重要的运营机构或合资公司,它们可能会受到这条新规定的威胁,其中包括微软和苹果公司,后者在中国运营着一个应用商店。此外,亚马逊也在中国销售电子图书,还运营着中文亚马逊网站。

Articles on Mr. Xi's policy speech, which was not immediately released in full, said the president also demanded that journalists and news organizations "strictly adhere to the news viewpoint of Marxism" and "raise high the banner" — phrases that mean advancing the interests of the party.

习近平所做的媒体政策讲话并没有立刻完整发布。有关这一讲话的多篇文章表示,习主席还要求新闻记者和新闻机构"牢牢坚持马克思主义新闻观"和"高举旗帜"——意指推进党的利益。

Mr. Xi's policy has been building piecemeal. In 2013, the government began requiring all Chinese journalists to take a test in order to get their press cards renewed, with the aim, among other things, of getting news gatherers to "uphold the Marxist journalistic ideals more consciously."

习近平的政策是一点点成型的。2013年,政府开始要求所有中国记者参加考试,以便更新记者证。此举的一个目的,就是让新闻采编人员"更有意识地保持马克思主义新闻观"。

That year, China's top legal bodies said the criminal charge of "picking quarrels and provoking trouble" could apply to online speech. Since then, the authorities have used it as a cudgel to silence dissent on the Internet.

那一年,中国的最高司法机构表示,"寻衅滋事"的刑事指控可适用于网上言论。自那之后,当局就开始利用它来压制网上的异见。

In several prominent cases, officials have persecuted journalists for everything from sharing information with foreigners to "spreading rumors" related to the stock markets and the economy.

在好几宗引人注目的案件中,官员对新闻工作者提出了各种各样的指控,从给境外人士提供信息,到"散布"与股市和经济有关的"谣言"。

Chinese news organizations, including formerly adventurous and commercially driven ones like Southern Weekly, are toeing the line. People's Daily has become a celebrity publicity machine for Mr. Xi . On one day in December, his name appeared in 11 of the 12 headlines on the front page.

中国新闻机构,包括之前颇具探索精神、受商业驱动那些,比如《南方周末》,都在变得驯顺。《人民日报》成为了习近平的追星宣传机器。去年12月的一天,该报头版有12条新闻,其中11条里面都有他的名字。

Some political analysts note that Mr. Xi's attempts to impose total control over the media say as much about his personal insecurities and as they do about any Marxist-Leninist ideological vision that he holds.

一些政治分析人士指出,习近平试图完全控制媒体,这既和他个人的不安全感有关,也和他的马克思列宁主义意识形态有关。

"The most important thing is for him to announce his absolute authority," said Zhang Lifan, a historian. "He doesn't feel effective and confident in dealing with problems, and he lacks a sense of security."

"最重要的是宣示主权,"历史学者章立凡说。"他感觉并不得心应手,缺乏安全感。"

Mr. Zhang added, "He worries the Chinese Communist Party will lose political power, and he also worries that his peers will shove him from his position."

章立凡还说,"他担心中共会失去政治权力,也担心他的同事会让他退下来。"

黄安伟(Edward Wong)是《纽约时报》北京分社社长。

Zhang Tiantian对本文有研究贡献。

翻译:纽约时报中文网

点击查看本文英文版。

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