中国爱国主义教育瞄准海外留学生
北京——在中国学生的课程和教材中，对共产党的民族主义式忠诚已经被作为一种基本价值来宣扬，而现在，从教育官员接到的一项新指示来看，中国学生必须被培养得更加忠党爱国，哪怕他们是在国外大学就读。
这项指示是由教育部党组发出的，它敦促教育者在教育的每个阶段和方面进行"爱国主义教育"，将其融入到课本、学生评价、博物馆参观和互联网中。互联网是中国很多年轻人的主要信息来源。
文件中说，"把爱国主义精神有机融入到大中小学德育、语文、历史、地理、体育、艺术等各学科课程"。该文件在今年1月下旬获得了批准，但直到上周二才由官方新闻机构新华社发布。
该文件要求高等院校更彻底地教导学生"永远跟党走"，"讲清楚否定党史、国史、革命史和改革开放史以及诋毁英雄人物的危害性"。
中国学校此前已经在教导学生，共产党是中国现代史上唯一的进步力量，结束了丧权辱国的历史，让中国重新在全球舞台上获得了尊重和权力。自从1989年学生领导了占领北京天安门广场的抗议活动之后，防止学生接受自由价值观已经被中共领导人视为当务之急。
但是这份新文件说明，习近平主席在传扬党的精神方面，甚至比前任们更进了一步，还超出了中国的国界。该指示称，在开展习近平的民族复兴"中国梦"教育时，必须把中国留学生也作为一个重点。
"聚集广大海外留学人员爱国能量，"该文件说，"构建'祖国-使领馆-留学团体-广大留学人员'的海内外立体联系网络，使广大留学人员充分感受祖国关爱、主动宣传祖国发展。"
该指示可能会引发批评者的担忧，他们此前就曾指责中国政府对留学生施加压力。
据教育部统计，截至2014年底，有近170万中国学生在国外留学，其中很多在澳大利亚、英国、加拿大和美国。根据非营利组织国际教育协会(Institute of International Education)估计，2014-2015学年，在美国留学的中国学生突破了30万，较上年同期增长了近11%。
习近平强调要恢复对一些古代传统的尊重，这些传统反映了中共的威权主义价值观。教育部的指示还敦促教育者，要加强对经典和美德的学习。
"引导青少年学生树立和坚持正确的历史观、民族观、国家观、文化观，不断增强中华民族的归属感、认同感、尊严感、荣誉感。"
储百亮(Chris Buckley)是《纽约时报》驻京记者。
欢迎在Twitter上关注作者储百亮@ChuBailiang。
翻译：纽约时报中文网
http://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/11/world/asia/china-patriotic-education.html
China Says Its Students, Even Those Abroad, Need More 'Patriotic Education'
BEIJING — Chinese students, already immersed in classes and textbooks that promote nationalist loyalty to the Communist Party as a bedrock value, must be made even more patriotic and devoted to the party, even when they are studying in universities abroad, according to a new directive sent to education officials.
The directive, issued by the Communist Party organization of the Ministry of Education, calls for "patriotic education" to suffuse each stage and aspect of schooling, through textbooks, student assessments, museum visits and the Internet, which is the chief source of information for many young Chinese.
"Organically instill the patriotic spirit into all subjects, curriculums and standards for primary, secondary and higher education in morals, language, history, geography, sports, arts and so on," says the document, which was approved in late January but publicized only on Tuesday by Xinhua, the state-run news agency.
The document demands that university and college students be instructed more thoroughly to "always follow the party" and be "clearly taught about the dangers of negativity about the history of the party, nation, revolution and reform and opening up, as well as of vilifying heroic figures."
Already, students are coached that the Communist Party has been the sole engine of progress in modern Chinese history, rescuing the country from humiliating subjugation to foreigners and restoring their nation to a position of respect and power on the global stage. Since students led the 1989 protests that occupied Tiananmen Square in Beijing, party leaders have made a priority of inoculating them against liberal values.
But the new document shows how PresidentXi Jinping is taking demands for party proselytizing even further than his predecessors did, including beyond China's borders. The directive says that Chinese students studying abroad must also be made a focus of instruction in Mr. Xi's "China Dream" of national revival.
"Assemble the broad numbers of students abroad as a positive patriotic energy," the document says. "Build a multidimensional contact network linking home and abroad — the motherland, embassies and consulates, overseas student groups, and the broad number of students abroad — so that they fully feel that the motherland cares."
That demand is likely to raise concern among critics who have accused the Chinese government of applying chilling pressure on students abroad.
By the end of 2014, almost 1.7 million Chinese students were studying abroad, according to the Ministry of Education, many of them in Australia, Britain, Canada and the United States. In the 2014-15 school year, just over 300,000 Chinese students were studying in the United States, an increase of nearly 11 percent over the previous year, according to the Institute of International Education, a nonprofit organization.
Keeping with Mr. Xi's emphasis on restoring respect for ancient traditions that reflect the party's authoritarian values, the Ministry of Education party directive also urges educators to emphasize studying classical texts and virtues.
"Guide youthful students to establish and maintain correct views of history, the nation, state and culture," the document says. "Constantly enhance their sense of belonging to the Chinese nation."
32 COMMENTS:
Ben
Orinda, Ca 22 hours agoI must say that as an oversea Chinese, now a naturalized citizen of the US, I have to give credit to the Communist Party in "rescuing the country from humiliating subjugation to foreigners and restoring their nation to a position of respect and power on the global stage." On the other hand, Beijing has not been able to keep up with the rest of the world. Patriotic values can be spoon-fed only in a system where it's so totalitarian that people are not even allowed to study abroad. China is miles ahead of North Korea but its monolithic Communist doctrine is still well and alive. It's a shame.
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Mr Chang Shih An
Taiwan 22 hours agoMost of the PRC students are also sent to spy on US industry, they do masters and PHd's in order to steal information and conduct espionage because Americans are so trustworthy. How did China build up it's military technology so quickly? By stealing information from American Companies.
How do Chinese get GM Seeds, they go to plantations and steal it. But in America a Chinese person can just shout you are racist or I am offended and the weak Americans fall over themselves not to offend China's hordes.
China stealth espionage people are laughing at you.
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wsmrer
chengbu 22 hours agoA recent publication The Making of Asian America: A History by Erika Lee points to the fact that Asians are the 'Preferred Immigrants' today and their children sit at the top of their classes grade wise.
Chinese students (300,000 plus as mentioned) in the US may or may not be doing as well. Many are the offspring's of exceeding wealthy families that have be brought along by special treatment and lack the drive found in other students who need to succeed to advance. The unemployment among returning students is reported to be high, as it is for college graduates at large who have not been trained in special occupations in high demand. Family contacts may be essential for such students. The PRC offers membership in the CCP to leading students as a means of recruitment, and finding a leading job in government will very likely not occur with membership. Curious that the Education Ministry is now concerned about Patriotism as a needed ingredient to somehow be measured.
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campus95
palo alto 1 day agoAmerican schools and universities do not need the Chinese Embassy interfering in free speech on campus. Get lost!
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MArkR
New York 2 days ago"China Says Its Students, Even Those Abroad, Need More 'Patriotic Education"
Wrong ! civilization is the only thing they need !
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ejzim
21620 2 days agoSure, Republicans, here, seem to think that our students also need more "patriotic education," and we all know what that means--revision of history,
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Gilbert
San Francisco 2 days agoThis article is misleading.
The source memo linked in the article has 5 sections. The first section is titled
一、把爱国主义教育作为弘扬爱国主义精神的永恒主题，贯穿国民教育全过程
Let patriotic education be the core method through which patriotism is spread; let patriotic education spread through the entire education system.
In this section it talks about deepening patriotism and Chinese education among schools in China. This is nothing new in China, or any other country in the world.
Section 2 to 4 talks about socialism, nation unity, history, and culture.
Finally in section 5 it says
五、坚持立足民族又面向世界，增强人类命运共同体意识
"Withhold Chinese culture while facing the world; increase humanity's unifying sense of belonging (?)"
Here it talks about using events like Chinese summer camps and Confuscious day to export Chinese culture. It also talks about creating a human network among students abroad. Finally, it talks about how the "Chinese dream" should be marketed to students abroad so they can understand motherland's continuous development.
Section 5 is the only section that mentions students abroad. To tie the points about patriotic education in section 1 with the brief mention of students abroad in section 5 is misleading the readers.
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Kent
San Diego 2 days agoCCP wants its absolute control on its people even if they're in foreign countries.
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bobkapp
Port Townsend, WA 2 days agoBack to 1873, when the Imperial government called home the first-ever small contingent of Chinese students send abroad to study because they were taking on too many foreign ways? Chris's article is very, very depressing. And the last thing China needs is an inflamed U.S. popular perception, which lies dormant in American life in the best of times, that Chinese students or others making their way in American life are somehow under the unholy control of those at the center of a gigantic Chinese spider web.
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globalnomad
Cranky Corner, Louisiana 2 days agoIn the long run, I believe, creating a robotic, conformist, passive population with an inability of citizens to think for themselves will result in a society unable to compete on the global economic stage. Japan lost its stellar world standing because of this tendency about 20 years ago; the only reason Japan didn't descend further is that the government never went Mao on them. Malaysia, on the other hand, was an Asian country with promise that has spiraled into ignominious mediocrity at best because of the Mao-like cult leader Mahathir Mohammed and his even worse successors. Looks like China is going down that road again toward public beatings of "capitalist roaders."
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Mike 71
Chicago Area 2 days agoPerhaps the Chinese Communist Party wonders why so many students studying abroad fail to return home. In countries with non-ideological education and open internet access, they can find "Document Number Nine," which sets forth the Party's opposition to western values, such as multi-party democracy, freedom of expression, including an independent press, a free market economy, among other values of free societies.
The Party abjectly fears that the introduction of these ideas, common to free societies, would undermine its totalitarian grasp on China's population. "Document Number Nine" was exposed by courageous journalist Gao Yu, who was sentenced to prison for disclosing secret information. But, try as it will, the Party will never be able to stanch the flow of information about how citizens of free nations rule themselves.
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William Chow
Melbourne 2 days agoDoesn't exactly paint a picture of a confident Party that can rely on the hearts and minds of its own people.
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tiddle
nyc, ny 2 days agoThe China today is not the China in the Mao days, in case the ruling party in Beijing has not noticed it. Back in the days, China could close its borders and no one was none the wiser. But that horse has left the barn long ago, its people can access all sorts of info from a variety of channels, even in the face of the Great Firewall, and so many people have traveled or even studied/lived aboard, their horizon is much broadened. Yet, Beijing continues to treat its people as if they are all dummies, it's almost laughable.
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Joanna Gilbert
Wellesley, MA February 11, 2016Between lessons on manlinesshttp://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/07/world/asia/wanted-in-china-more-male-t... and patriotism those Chinese students are going to have to spend even more time in class..
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Sung Kim
Los Angeles, CA February 11, 2016This article is inflammatory, hypocritical, and beneath the level of the NYT.
While the Chinese may be showing incipient Patriotism, Americans are well known throughout the world for their fiery and passionate displays of patriotism. Flags are printed on every possible article of merchandise. Almost all major sports events are preceded by the national anthem. Many children throughout the US begin the day with a recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance, often in Pre-K when they cannot begin to understand what it means. The American flag is proudly displayed on homes across the nation, something uncommon in many countries. The intractable national debates in American Politics are closely tied to ideas of Patriotism - American Exceptionalism, American Gun Rights, Make America Great Again, and "America, the greatest country on earth."
This is precisely why so many people across the world are ruffled by American Arrogance - "Do as I say, not as I do."
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ejzim
21620 1 day agoSome people mistake patriotism for nationalism and jingoism.
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JL
California 1 day agoNo, it's not hypocritical. Did you not read this section in the article?
"The document demands that university and college students be instructed more thoroughly to "always follow the party" and be "clearly taught about the dangers of negativity about the history of the party, nation, revolution and reform and opening up, as well as of vilifying heroic figures."
This is the Chinese government demanding that the people must follow it. In the US, we have freedom and democracy - the US government does not demand that its citizens to "always follow the party."
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Quinn
February 11, 2016
maybe they could distribute little red books.
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Henry
Seattle February 11, 2016The CCP, as usual, getting top marks for creepiness.
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wsmrer
chengbu February 11, 2016Since the arrival of Xi Jinping's government in 2012 there seems to have been an ideological tightening across China with regard to Western contacts and influence showing at the educational level with the Minister of Education warning that western holidays, noticeably Christmas, should not be celebrated any more, and western textbooks should be removed from the class room. The rise of Patriotic Education for the masses of Chinese studying abroad is consistent with that but may be awkward to implement. Will they have to sit out a reentry exam on loyalty, would Xi daughter returning from Harvard recently be examined? Satire comes easy on many of these changes recommended by that Ministry, but there are reflective of some concerns regarding ideological purity as we move into an enhanced globalized world.
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Charles Justice
Prince Rupert, BC February 11, 2016Again with the "Great Firewall of China"? Some cultures never seem to learn. The Great Wall of China did not work, in spite of its massive scale (maybe it was the worlds biggest infrastructure project at the time.) Nevertheless, it did not prevent successful invasions.
How are you going to inoculate overseas Chinese students against Western liberal ideals, when you have the internet, and 24/7 news coverage? Sooner or later the Barbarian hordes are going to crash through every pathetic firewall that the Chinese Communist party has patiently built up. It's only a matter of time.
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ejzim
21620 2 days agoSeems like they still want to send their kids to American schools, even have them be born here. Seems dangerous to their way of "thinking."
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all harbe
iowa February 11, 2016If anyone wonders why there are protests in Hong Kong and support for the ant- peoples' republic party in Taiwan, here's the evidence.
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GuyMadison
USA February 11, 2016Funny.. I wonder which history they talking about, today a friend was telling me how his grandfather immigrated from China and through hard work in the San Francisco area was able to be come very wealthy. He sent boxes of gold coins back to people in his home village. When he travelled back to China he was put in chains and paraded around as a traitor. They put him in jail and the tax man would come everyday and demand taxes from his wife, who later hanged herself after there was no money left.
If communism is such a great system why do they have to keep people locked in and under constant surveillance. I can see why students can't wait to go back and "always follow the party".
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ejzim
21620 2 days agoRight. China is certainly not having to protect their borders from the OUTSIDE. Migrants don't seem to be screaming to get in.
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Valerie Wells
February 11, 2016
Which means that Chinese students in academic or corporate placements cannot be trusted with sensitive information. They will call this racial profiling, it is not. It is country profiling. America or any other nation can ill afford to extend the hand of overwhelming trust if these people have total allegiance to China. We stand so much to lose. China is undergoing an era of political and worldwide expansion, which will over time evolve into aggression. Building islands in the South China Sea, spending billions to curry favor in third world countries the globe over. It has just begun.
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