时报看中国
两会期间哪些新闻不能报道 - 两会新闻报道的"十诫"
狄雨霏2016年3月10日
北京——人各有各的口味。有的可能喜欢好色和尚的香艳故事,有的则关心令人毛骨悚然的医患暴力事件。
有人或许喜欢有关人大代表的财富、军事预算或者遵守国际人权公约的报道。而总有那么几位会对殡葬政策感兴趣。
全国人大会议在北京召开期间,中国的宣传机构对这些兴趣都似乎不打算满足。据称,宣传机构发布了被禁新闻话题清单,一个微信账号泄露了相关信息,然后又传至微博,最终在周日被删除。加州的中国数字时代网站提供各种遭到审查的微博信息,其中就包括了该通知。
中国立法机构全国人民代表大会及顾问机构中国人民政治协商会议在北京召开被称为"两会"的年度会议。
目前尚不确定到底是共产党或政府的哪个办公室发布了《关于今年(2016)两会报道的重要通知》。但浏览中国新闻媒体近日的报道就会发现,有关通知列出的21个话题的报道不是很少,就是根据通知指示来报道。
加州大学伯克利分校(University of California, Berkeley)网站"中国数字时代"创始人、主编萧强及香港媒体学者班志远(David Bandurski)表示,他们认为这份清单是真实的。萧强接受采访时表示,这清晰地说明了当局的担忧。
他说,"从中我们可以看到哪些才是真正重要的事,不是吗?"
萧强表示,他经常发现这样的通知,他称宣传官员会通过一种特殊的算法将通知发给新闻编辑,而不是记者。这种算法没有对外公开,但在对中国防火长城内容审查活动进行搜寻的Freeweibo和Weiboscope曾经进行过类似的搜索。
这些通知是共产党新闻管理工作的一个固有组成部分,任何级别——从县级到北京的中央政府——的宣传官员都可以通过官方信息办公室及网络部门发布此类通知。
通知规定两会期间,中国新闻媒体必须避免或不能报道相关话题的"负面"消息,或者只能使用官方媒体新华社的稿件。以下是被禁话题清单:
—西藏代表戴习近平像章一事用新华社稿件
—不报雾霾问题(上周两会开幕时,北京的空气污染水平达到危险水平。)
—不报号贩子问题
—不报代表委员国籍问题(一些人可能无视有关外国国籍的禁令)
—不拿提案议案开玩笑(比如设置更多自动取款机,推广广场舞。)
—不报不愿学雷锋问题。雷锋是毛泽东时代的模范士兵,政府鼓励人们学习他的无私精神。
—不报如浙江拆除违规宗教场所等涉及宗教敏感问题
—不报释永信参加政协会信息(释永信被指存在经济违规行为,还违背了他的禁欲誓言。)
—涉台涉朝使用新华社报道
—不报楼市,汇市,股市——除了经济平稳发展以外的任何问题
"我从两方面解读这份通知,"萧强说,他指的是清单不同寻常的长度和细节。大多数此类清单只会列出几条,最多10到12条。
"一方面你可以说这是出自担心,"他说。"他们不想出错,因此会有更多的限制。"
但由于涉及范围非常广泛,萧强认为还有其他因素发挥作用:一种含蓄的颠覆。
"我还可以从中读出一种消极抵抗的感觉,"他说。"发布通知的人可能心里在笑。这是当前这个过度忠诚时期的一种手法,他们在秘密地进行破坏。这是一种新方式。新现象。"
"控制机器变得更加有效了?"他问道。"还是这种机器有了更强的自我毁灭倾向?"
香港大学传媒研究计划(China Media Project)编辑班志远表示,这份清单似乎是真实的,尽管在特点上与他通常看到的通知略有不同。他表示,这些举措都是为了逐渐灌输"宣传纪律"。
"我不会怀疑这份通知,"班志远说。"作为一名研究者,我会假设这些都是可信的。这些指示非常像我之前看到的中共下发的中央宣传指示。"
"但有一个特点看起来不同,"他说。"这些指示不停地用'不要'这个词,简直就像'十诫'。"
他表示,此类通知通常都是"非决定性的",提供"指导方针",而不是下令全面避免某些话题。
他说,"我们明显处于一个非常敏感的时期。"
狄雨霏(Didi Kirsten Tatlow)是《纽约时报》驻京记者。
欢迎在Twitter上关注作者狄雨霏@dktatlow。
What Chinese Media Mustn't Cover at the '2 Sessions'
两会期间哪些新闻不能报道
BEIJING — Tastes differ. Some people may enjoy salacious stories about philandering abbots, or hair-raising ones about violence between doctors and patients.
北京——人各有各的口味。有的可能喜欢好色和尚的香艳故事,有的则关心令人毛骨悚然的医患暴力事件。
Others may prefer reports on the wealth of parliamentary delegates, military budgets or compliance with international human rights conventions. And there are always a few who are into burial guidelines.
China's propaganda authorities do not appear to want any of these tastes satisfied during the current parliamentary meetings in Beijing. That is according to a list of forbidden news topics they reportedly issued that leaked to a WeChat account, from where it was posted to Weibo, to be taken down on Sunday and discovered in a sweep of censored Weibo posts by China Digital Times, a website based in California.
全国人大会议在北京召开期间,中国的宣传机构对这些兴趣都似乎不打算满足。据称,宣传机构发布了被禁新闻话题清单,一个微信账号泄露了相关信息,然后又传至微博,最终在周日被删除。加州的中国数字时代网站提供各种遭到审查的微博信息,其中就包括了该通知。
The National People's Congress, the country's legislature, and the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, an advisory body, are meeting in Beijing in an annual event called the lianghui, or two sessions.
中国立法机构全国人民代表大会及顾问机构中国人民政治协商会议在北京召开被称为"两会"的年度会议。
Exactly which Communist Party or government office may have published "An important notice about this year's (2016) 'lianghui' reporting" was uncertain. But a review of the Chinese news media in recent days found that coverage of the 21 listed topics was scant or conformed to the notice's directives.
目前尚不确定到底是共产党或政府的哪个办公室发布了《关于今年(2016)两会报道的重要通知》。但浏览中国新闻媒体近日的报道就会发现,有关通知列出的21个话题的报道不是很少,就是根据通知指示来报道。
Xiao Qiang, a founder and editor of China Digital Times at the University of California, Berkeley, and David Bandurski, a media scholar based in Hong Kong, said that they believed the list was genuine. It gives a clear picture of the authorities' anxieties, Mr. Xiao said in an interview.
加州大学伯克利分校(University of California, Berkeley)网站"中国数字时代"创始人、主编萧强及香港媒体学者班志远(David Bandurski)表示,他们认为这份清单是真实的。萧强接受采访时表示,这清晰地说明了当局的担忧。
"This tells us what's really important, doesn't it?" he said.
他说,"从中我们可以看到哪些才是真正重要的事,不是吗?"
Mr. Xiao said he regularly discovers such notices, which he said propaganda officials circulate to news editors but not to reporters, by using a special algorithm. The algorithm is not publicly available, but Freeweibo and Weiboscope, two services that trawl China's Great Firewall of Internet censorship, perform similar searches.
萧强表示,他经常发现这样的通知,他称宣传官员会通过一种特殊的算法将通知发给新闻编辑,而不是记者。这种算法没有对外公开,但在对中国防火长城内容审查活动进行搜寻的Freeweibo和Weiboscope曾经进行过类似的搜索。
The notices are an intrinsic part of the party's news management and can be issued by any level of propaganda officials, from local counties to the central government in Beijing, by state information offices and Internet authorities.
这些通知是共产党新闻管理工作的一个固有组成部分,任何级别——从县级到北京的中央政府——的宣传官员都可以通过官方信息办公室及网络部门发布此类通知。
Here, according to the list, are topics China's news media must avoid, must not report on "negatively" or may cover only using dispatches from Xinhua, the state news agency, during the meetings:
通知规定两会期间,中国新闻媒体必须避免或不能报道相关话题的"负面"消息,或者只能使用官方媒体新华社的稿件。以下是被禁话题清单:
— Smog. (Beijing's air pollution reached hazardous levels last week as the meetings opened.)
—不报雾霾问题(上周两会开幕时,北京的空气污染水平达到危险水平。)
— Scalpers at hospitals selling appointments with doctors.
—不报号贩子问题
— The nationality of delegates. (Some may flout the prohibition on foreign citizenship.)
—不报代表委员国籍问题(一些人可能无视有关外国国籍的禁令)
— Jokes about delegates' proposals. (These have included installing more A.T.M.s and promoting public dancing.)
—不拿提案议案开玩笑(比如设置更多自动取款机,推广广场舞。)
— Unwillingness to learn from Lei Feng, the model soldier of the Maoist era whose selflessness citizens are exhorted to emulate.
—不报不愿学雷锋问题。雷锋是毛泽东时代的模范士兵,政府鼓励人们学习他的无私精神。
— The recent demolition of churches in Zhejiang Province.
—不报如浙江拆除违规宗教场所等涉及宗教敏感问题
— The participation of Shi Yongxin, the abbot of Shaolin Temple, at the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. (He has been accused of financial infractions and violated his vow of celibacy.)
— Taiwan and North Korea.
—涉台涉朝使用新华社报道
— The property market, the stock market, foreign exchange — anything other than steady economic growth.
—不报楼市,汇市,股市——除了经济平稳发展以外的任何问题
"I read it in two ways," Mr. Xiao said, referring to the unusual length and detail of the list. Most such lists address just a few points, at most 10 to 12.
"我从两方面解读这份通知,"萧强说,他指的是清单不同寻常的长度和细节。大多数此类清单只会列出几条,最多10到12条。
"One is you can say it comes from fear," he said. "They don't want any mistakes, so there are more restrictions."
"一方面你可以说这是出自担心,"他说。"他们不想出错,因此会有更多的限制。"
But it was so sweeping that Mr. Xiao thought something else could be at work: a coded subversion.
但由于涉及范围非常广泛,萧强认为还有其他因素发挥作用:一种含蓄的颠覆。
"I can also read a sense of passive resistance in it," he said. "The people who issued it probably are laughing in their hearts. It's a pattern these days of over-loyalty, where secretly they are sabotaging it. It's a new style. A new phenomenon."
"我还可以从中读出一种消极抵抗的感觉,"他说。"发布通知的人可能心里在笑。这是当前这个过度忠诚时期的一种手法,他们在秘密地进行破坏。这是一种新方式。新现象。"
"Has the control machine become more efficient?" he asked. "Or is the machine more self-destructive than before?"
"控制机器变得更加有效了?"他问道。"还是这种机器有了更强的自我毁灭倾向?"
Mr. Bandurski, the editor of the China Media Project website at the University of Hong Kong, said the list appeared genuine — if slightly different in flavor from the ones he usually sees. All are efforts to instill "propaganda discipline," he said.
香港大学传媒研究计划(China Media Project)编辑班志远表示,这份清单似乎是真实的,尽管在特点上与他通常看到的通知略有不同。他表示,这些举措都是为了逐渐灌输"宣传纪律"。
"I wouldn't call this into question," Mr. Bandurski said. "As a researcher, I would be working on the assumption that these are credible. These directives are very much like what I've seen from the party in central propaganda directives."
"我不会怀疑这份通知,"班志远说。"作为一名研究者,我会假设这些都是可信的。这些指示非常像我之前看到的中共下发的中央宣传指示。"
"But there is a specificity that looks different," he said. "These almost look like the Ten Commandments, the way they say 'buyao,' or 'don't,' all the time."
"但有一个特点看起来不同,"他说。"这些指示不停地用'不要'这个词,简直就像'十诫'。"
Usually, he said, such notices are more "nip and tuck," offering "guidance" rather than blanket orders to avoid certain topics.
他表示,此类通知通常都是"非决定性的",提供"指导方针",而不是下令全面避免某些话题。
"We're obviously in a very sensitive time," he said.
他说,"我们明显处于一个非常敏感的时期。"
狄雨霏(Didi Kirsten Tatlow)是《纽约时报》驻京记者。
欢迎在Twitter上关注作者狄雨霏@dktatlow。
© The New York Times Company


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