Powered By Blogger

2020-02-06

病毒和恐慌背後,中共的治理邏輯




病毒和恐慌背後,中共的治理邏輯

本週,乘坐幾乎無人的北京地鐵。本週,乘坐幾乎無人的北京地鐵。 CARLOS GARCIA RAWLINS/REUTERS
[歡迎點擊此處、或發送郵件至cn.letters@nytimes.com訂閱《紐約時報》中文簡報。]
北京~~週三晚上8點從附近的酒吧回家時,我見識到了目前情勢的荒唐。幾個小時前,我騎單車到公園散了個步,然後跟朋友碰面——不算超市收銀員的話,這是我五天來第一次跟人接觸。
但我平時走的側門現在給鎖上了~~這是一個龐大的共產主義時代大院。什麼情況?只見一份中文通知寫著,鎖門是為了防止新型冠狀病毒的傳播。
於是我拐向北門。那是一個供行人使用的入口,立著兩個障礙物,之間的距離剛夠人穿過去。我心想沒問題的,我可以推著車擠過去,幾分鐘後就可以到家了。

訂閱「簡報」和「每日精選」新聞電郵

我騎車繞到北門,結果到了門口只能一把剎住車。有人用鐵絲把12輛共享單車捆在一起,堆在障礙物之間。然後,為了保險起見,他們還用鐵絲把這堆東西固定在柱子上,成了對我們這個高流動性社會的某種後現代註解。
我笑著騎到了大院的正門。這是一個供汽車出入的大門,兩側有供行人使用的人行道。其中一側也堆滿了為了國家利益而做出犧牲的共享單車,另一側由兩名我以前從未見過的保安守著。他們擋住了我的去路。
「你要幹嘛?」其中一人問道。
「回家。我住這兒。」
「最近去過武漢嗎?」
「我剛騎車回來。累死了!」
幽默感顯然不在他們的工作要求範圍內。
「你家裡有從武漢來的嗎?或者最近去過武漢嗎?」
我還是老實點吧。
「沒有,我有四年沒去過那裡了。我一個人住。不發燒。身體不錯。」
他們默默地讓我通過。
這讓人感到蠢不可及:為什麼大門白天開著,晚上卻要鎖起來?難道病毒跟吸血鬼一樣,晚上才出來嗎?就在那時,我意識到這些保安的做法只是博格(Borg)式封鎖的一部分,官員們進入全面自保模式,這樣的封鎖已經在這個國家鋪開。
第二天,我在家打掃衛生:外地人進不了北京了,所以我唯一的奢侈享受~~每週給我做一個小時衛生的阿姨,被困在了她的村子裡,雖然春節假期的主要階段已經結束。有人敲門。是物業管理的熱心人羅女士和她的助理。
「哎,張先生,很高興見到你,」頭髮染成棕紅色的羅經理用我的中文名字稱呼我,她在這裡負責續租工作。「你家裡有武漢來的人嗎?」
「沒有。目前沒有。」
「好的。請看一下這個。」
她遞給我一張當地共產黨區委會的清單,列出了疫情暴發期間要做和不要做的事情。
要尋求幫助。要聽從當地政府。要保暖。要待在家裡。要避免接觸。要洗手。不要吐痰。不要太勞累。不要與近期來自大城市武漢及周邊感染區的人接觸。紙的背面列有所有共產黨街道委員會和他們的電話號碼。
終於,在這一帶生活了五年後,在無數次投訴夜間非法施工的努力付諸流水之後,我得到了一些電話號碼。我將這張紙歸檔以備將來使用。
週四在北京,一個居民小區的側門被堆積的單車堵住。
週四在北京,一個居民小區的側門被堆積的單車堵住。 NOEL CELIS/AGENCE FRANCE-PRESSE — GETTY IMAGES
無獨有偶,在德語裡,這種現象有一個非常具體的詞:「Aktionismus」,也就是Actionism(行動主義),或為行動而行動。我所看到的是在一個需要謹慎回應並且關乎公眾信任的問題面前的Aktionismus。但是,由於中國政府無法做到任何這些事,我便看到一個沒有其他選擇只能以胡亂揮拳來應付的國家。
中國政府並沒有與人們就病毒疫情進行成年人的對話,或是制定在其他地方有過成效的合理政策,而是直接進入了全面封鎖模式。這證明了政治學中的一種自明之理:威權政府就像一群只有兩個大拇指的人,沒有其他手指。他們可以採取強制行動,但沒法對政府槓桿進行微調。
其實,我這樣說不太公平。如果時間充裕,中共能想出並實施非常細緻複雜的政策~~我們看到它與傳統信仰融合以填補社會上的精神真空。
但是,當面臨危機時,這個政黨似乎無法避免堂皇的姿態:用两週時間從無到有建起醫院,封鎖數以千萬計的人,禁止更多的人前往大城市等等。在某些程度上,像這樣的時刻簡直就是技術官僚的美夢:當西方醫療保健專家說這種封鎖行不通的時候,他們基本上是在說,從來沒有如此高效的政府在如此龐大的尺度上進行嘗試。
現在在嘗試了,不僅在北京,而是在全國範圍內,它的效果是令人震撼的。像我這樣的住宅小區正在進行煙熏消毒。(用的是什麼?誰在乎!)拿著揚聲器的人到處走動,大聲播放著針對病毒的警告。村莊正在關閉大門,好像有土匪出沒似的。去餐館或者酒吧幾乎就是叛國行為,或者充其量是愚蠢的自私。
最有趣的問題是,為什麼黨覺得有必要開展這樣的行為。我認為,它知道人們在這種情況下不信任它,並假定真相被隱瞞。
因此,危機中最受歡迎的人物之一:現年83歲的鐘南山,2002年至2003年非典暴發中的英雄再度現身,在救治病人的同時警告市民注意衛生。他已被樹立為清正廉潔的官員——這是中國歷史裡熟悉的身影,剛正不阿的儒家官員。因此我們在中國社群媒體上讀到了無數關於鍾南山的介紹,討論他的家庭背景、成長、成功以及他不考慮政治、只尋求科學真理的態度。這清晰地意味著他是一名難得有操守的官員。
隱藏在這一切背後的感覺是,黨內大多數人是不值得信任的。這種感覺在過去的幾天中被加劇了,有報導稱,1月初至少有八人在武漢因散布謠言被拘留,實際上他們都是醫生,而不是唯恐天下不亂散播恐懼的人。這一令人震驚的事實如今洩漏在網路報導中,有時會被刪掉,但不總是這樣。在某個時候,政府將不得不承認有部分掩蓋。
考慮到潛在的不信任感,政府很難說出許多流行病專家在說的話:這次疫情是嚴重的,但並非災難性的。因為如果國家對人民坦白,它還必須承認這種程度的社會控制是沒有必要的。據報導,截至週四傍晚,在這個擁有近14億人口的國家,死亡人數不到200,而且沒有跡象表明我們的處境像是一部好萊塢災難片的開始。
政府無力制定沉穩的應對措施,將會把這次疫情變成非典疫情的直接繼任者。那次疫情談不上是巨大的公共衛生災難~~死亡人數不到800~~然而它被當作一種難以想像的災難而著稱,一種絕對不應該被允許發生的災難。
然而,現在顯然又暴發了。
這是否意味著政府將遭殃?我不這麼認為。因為儘管人們不信任體制,但他們總體上是接受封鎖的。在私下談話和聊天群裡,他們說,像中國這樣大的國家不採取嚴厲措施是不可能的。
從這個意義上講,人民已經吸收了政府的中國例外說:治理中國需要用鐵腕,而這些看上去荒唐的措施正說明政府做的很好~~並預示黨將一如既往地突破困境,取得勝利。

張彥(@iandenisjohnson)在北京生活超過20年,因 其正在撰寫的一本有關歷史記憶的著作成為羅伯特·B·西爾弗斯基金會一項資金的首批獲得者之一。

翻譯:紐約時報中文網




觀點

病毒和恐慌背後,中共的治理邏輯

Coronavirus and the Panic Epidemic

本週,乘坐幾乎無人的北京地鐵。本週,乘坐幾乎無人的北京地鐵。 CARLOS GARCIA RAWLINS/REUTERS
Sign up for NYT Chinese-language Morning Briefing.
[歡迎點擊此處、或發送郵件至cn.letters@nytimes.com訂閱《紐約時報》中文簡報。]
BEIJING — The absurdity of the situation hit me on Wednesday when I was coming home from a local bar at 8 p.m. I had ridden my bike a few hours earlier to a park for a walk and then to meet a friend — my first human contact in five days, excluding the cashier at the grocery store.
北京~~週三晚上8點從附近的酒吧回家時,我見識到了目前情勢的荒唐。幾個小時前,我騎單車到公園散了個步,然後跟朋友碰面——不算超市收銀員的話,這是我五天來第一次跟人接觸。
But the side gate I'd used to leave the enormous Communist-era compound was now chained shut. What? A notice in Chinese said it was locked to prevent the spread of the new coronavirus.
但我平時走的側門現在給鎖上了~~這是一個龐大的共產主義時代大院。什麼情況?只見一份中文通知寫著,鎖門是為了防止新型冠狀病毒的傳播。
So I headed toward the north entrance. That one is for pedestrians and has two barriers set slightly apart, just wide enough to get through on foot. That's O.K., I thought, I can squeeze by with my bike and be home in a few minutes.
於是我拐向北門。那是一個供行人使用的入口,立著兩個障礙物,之間的距離剛夠人穿過去。我心想沒問題的,我可以推著車擠過去,幾分鐘後就可以到家了。
I rode around the block, but when I got to the gate I had to slam on the brakes. Someone had taken a dozen ride-share bikes, lashed them together with wire and piled them in between the barriers. Then, for good measure, they'd fastened the heap to the posts with more wire, making it into some sort of postmodern commentary on our hyper-mobile society.
我騎車繞到北門,結果到了門口只能一把剎住車。有人用鐵絲把12輛共享單車捆在一起,堆在障礙物之間。然後,為了保險起見,他們還用鐵絲把這堆東西固定在柱子上,成了對我們這個高流動性社會的某種後現代註解。
Laughing, I rode on to the main entrance. It has a car entrance with a big gate and on either side, walkways for pedestrians. One of those was also piled high with ride-share bikes sacrificed for the national good; the other was protected by two security guards I'd never seen before. They blocked my way.
我笑著騎到了大院的正門。這是一個供汽車出入的大門,兩側有供行人使用的人行道。其中一側也堆滿了為了國家利益而做出犧牲的共享單車,另一側由兩名我以前從未見過的保安守著。他們擋住了我的去路。
"What do you want?" one of them asked.
「你要幹嘛?」其中一人問道。
"To go home. I live here."
「回家。我住這兒。」
"Have you been to Wuhan recently?"
「最近去過武漢嗎?」
"I just rode back. I'm exhausted!"
「我剛騎車回來。累死了!」
The humor was beyond their pay grade.
幽默感顯然不在他們的工作要求範圍內。
"Is anyone in your home from Wuhan or has been there recently?"
「你家裡有從武漢來的嗎?或者最近去過武漢嗎?」
I needed to stop fooling around.
我還是老實點吧。
"No, I haven't been there in four years. I live alone. No fever. I feel fine."
「沒有,我有四年沒去過那裡了。我一個人住。不發燒。身體不錯。」
They silently let me through.
他們默默地讓我通過。
This felt like the height of foolishness: Why would the gates be open during the day but locked down at night? Do viruses operate like vampires? That's when I realized the guards' effort was just part of a Borg-like lockdown that the state had put into place with the alacrity of officials in full C.Y.A. mode.
這讓人感到蠢不可及:為什麼大門白天開著,晚上卻要鎖起來?難道病毒跟吸血鬼一樣,晚上才出來嗎?就在那時,我意識到這些保安的做法只是博格(Borg)式封鎖的一部分,官員們進入全面自保模式,這樣的封鎖已經在這個國家鋪開。
The next day I was cleaning my apartment: No one could enter Beijing anymore, so my one luxury, an hour-a-week house cleaner, was stuck in her village even though the main phase of the Lunar New Year holiday was over. There was a knock on my door. It was the good people from the apartment management office, Mrs. Luo and her assistant.
第二天,我在家打掃衛生:外地人進不了北京了,所以我唯一的奢侈享受~~每週給我做一個小時衛生的阿姨,被困在了她的村子裡,雖然春節假期的主要階段已經結束。有人敲門。是物業管理的熱心人羅女士和她的助理。
"Oh, Mr. Zhang, nice to see you," Mrs. Luo, the henna-haired manager of lease renewals, said, addressing me by my Chinese name. "Is there anyone from Wuhan in your apartment?"
「哎,張先生,很高興見到你,」頭髮染成棕紅色的羅經理用我的中文名字稱呼我,她在這裡負責續租工作。「你家裡有武漢來的人嗎?」
"No. Still not."
「沒有。目前沒有。」
"O.K. Take a look at this please."
「好的。請看一下這個。」
She handed me a sheet from the local Communist Party district committee, listing dos and don'ts to follow during the outbreak.
她遞給我一張當地共產黨區委會的清單,列出了疫情暴發期間要做和不要做的事情。
Do seek help. Do listen to the local government. Do keep warm. Do stay at home. Do avoid contact. Do wash your hands. Don't spit. Don't exert yourself too much. Don't associate with people who've recently arrived from the infected area around the megacity of Wuhan. On the back was a list of all the Communist Party street committees and their phone numbers.
要尋求幫助。要聽從當地政府。要保暖。要待在家裡。要避免接觸。要洗手。不要吐痰。不要太勞累。不要與近期來自大城市武漢及周邊感染區的人接觸。紙的背面列有所有共產黨街道委員會和他們的電話號碼。
Finally, after five years of living in this neighborhood and countless failed efforts to register my complaints about illegal construction at night, I had some phone numbers. I filed the sheet for future use.
終於,在這一帶生活了五年後,在無數次投訴夜間非法施工的努力付諸流水之後,我得到了一些電話號碼。我將這張紙歸檔以備將來使用。
週四在北京,一個居民小區的側門被堆積的單車堵住。
週四在北京,一個居民小區的側門被堆積的單車堵住。 NOEL CELIS/AGENCE FRANCE-PRESSE — GETTY IMAGES
The German language has, as usual, a hyper-specific word for this phenomenon: "Aktionismus," literally Actionism, or action for action's sake. What I was witnessing was Aktionismus in the face of a problem that required a sensitive response involving public trust. But since the Chinese government cannot elicit either of those things, I was seeing the compensatory flailing-around of a state with no other options.
無獨有偶,在德語裡,這種現象有一個非常具體的詞:「Aktionismus」,也就是Actionism(行動主義),或為行動而行動。我所看到的是在一個需要謹慎回應並且關乎公眾信任的問題面前的Aktionismus。但是,由於中國政府無法做到任何這些事,我便看到一個沒有其他選擇只能以胡亂揮拳來應付的國家。
Instead of having an adult conversation with the population about the virus and putting in place reasonable policies that have been used effectively elsewhere, the Chinese state has gone into full lockdown mode. This demonstrates one of those truisms from political science: Authoritarian governments are like people who don't have any fingers but do possess two thumbs. They can make forceful actions but can't fine-tune the levers of government.
中國政府並沒有與人們就病毒疫情進行成年人的對話,或是制定在其他地方有過成效的合理政策,而是直接進入了全面封鎖模式。這證明了政治學中的一種自明之理:威權政府就像一群只有兩個大拇指的人,沒有其他手指。他們可以採取強制行動,但沒法對政府槓桿進行微調。
Actually, I'm not being fair. When the Chinese Communist Party has time, it can come up with and use sophisticated policies — witness its co-opting of traditional faiths to fill a spiritual vacuum in society.
其實,我這樣說不太公平。如果時間充裕,中共能想出並實施非常細緻複雜的政策~~我們看到它與傳統信仰融合以填補社會上的精神真空。
But when faced with a crisis, the party can't seem to avoid grand gestures: building hospitals from scratch in two weeks, locking down tens of millions of people, banning millions more from traveling to big cities and so on. In some ways, a moment like this one is a technocrat's dream: When Western health care experts say that this sort of lockdown won't work, they basically mean it's never been tried on this scale with this kind of uber-efficient government.
但是,當面臨危機時,這個政黨似乎無法避免堂皇的姿態:用两週時間從無到有建起醫院,封鎖數以千萬計的人,禁止更多的人前往大城市等等。在某些程度上,像這樣的時刻簡直就是技術官僚的美夢:當西方醫療保健專家說這種封鎖行不通的時候,他們基本上是在說,從來沒有如此高效的政府在如此龐大的尺度上進行嘗試。
Now that it's being tried, not just in Beijing but across the country, the effects are kind of thrilling to watch. Apartment compounds like mine are being fumigated. (With what? Who cares!) People are walking around with loudspeakers blaring out warnings against the virus. Villages are closing their gates as if bandits were on the prowl. And going to a restaurant or a bar is almost an act of treason or, at best, foolish selfishness.
現在在嘗試了,不僅在北京,而是在全國範圍內,它的效果是令人震撼的。像我這樣的住宅小區正在進行煙熏消毒。(用的是什麼?誰在乎!)拿著揚聲器的人到處走動,大聲播放著針對病毒的警告。村莊正在關閉大門,好像有土匪出沒似的。去餐館或者酒吧幾乎就是叛國行為,或者充其量是愚蠢的自私。
The most interesting question is why the party feels the need to carry on like this. I think it knows the people don't trust it in these cases and assume there has been a cover-up.
最有趣的問題是,為什麼黨覺得有必要開展這樣的行為。我認為,它知道人們在這種情況下不信任它,並假定真相被隱瞞。
Hence one of the most popular figures in the crisis: Zhong Nanshan, the hero of the 2002-03 SARS outbreak, now 83, who is back in action, treating patients and warning citizens about the need for hygiene. He has been adopted as the incorruptible official — a familiar trope in Chinese history, the Confucian official who stands tall despite pressures to bend. And so we read endless profiles of Dr. Zhong in Chinese social media, discussing his family background, upbringing, successes and apolitical pursuit of science-based truth. The clear implication is that he is that rare official capable of such principled conduct.
因此,危機中最受歡迎的人物之一:現年83歲的鐘南山,2002年至2003年非典暴發中的英雄再度現身,在救治病人的同時警告市民注意衛生。他已被樹立為清正廉潔的官員——這是中國歷史裡熟悉的身影,剛正不阿的儒家官員。因此我們在中國社群媒體上讀到了無數關於鍾南山的介紹,討論他的家庭背景、成長、成功以及他不考慮政治、只尋求科學真理的態度。這清晰地意味著他是一名難得有操守的官員。
Behind all this lies the feeling that most other people in the party can't quite be trusted. This has been reinforced over the past few days by reports that at least eight people who were detained in Wuhan in early January on charges of spreading rumors are in fact medical doctors, not fear-mongering ne'er-do-wells. This startling fact is now leaking out in online reports that are sometimes, but not always, being blocked. At some point, the government will have to admit to a partial cover-up.
隱藏在這一切背後的感覺是,黨內大多數人是不值得信任的。這種感覺在過去的幾天中被加劇了,有報導稱,1月初至少有八人在武漢因散布謠言被拘留,實際上他們都是醫生,而不是唯恐天下不亂散播恐懼的人。這一令人震驚的事實如今洩漏在網路報導中,有時會被刪掉,但不總是這樣。在某個時候,政府將不得不承認有部分掩蓋。
Considering the underlying distrust, it's hard for the government to say what many epidemiologists are saying: This outbreak is serious but not catastrophic. Because if the state leveled with the people, it would also have to admit that there is no need for this degree of social control. Fewer than 200 people were reported to have died as of Thursday evening, in a country of nearly 1.4 billion, and there is no indication that we are at the start of a Hollywood disaster-style movie.
考慮到潛在的不信任感,政府很難說出許多流行病專家在說的話:這次疫情是嚴重的,但並非災難性的。因為如果國家對人民坦白,它還必須承認這種程度的社會控制是沒有必要的。據報導,截至週四傍晚,在這個擁有近14億人口的國家,死亡人數不到200,而且沒有跡象表明我們的處境像是一部好萊塢災難片的開始。
The government's inability to formulate a measured response will turn this outbreak into a direct successor of the SARS epidemic. That hardly was a huge public health disaster — fewer than 800 deaths — yet it has taken on a legendary reputation as a catastrophe of unimaginable proportions, one that should never be allowed to recur.
政府無力制定沉穩的應對措施,將會把這次疫情變成非典疫情的直接繼任者。那次疫情談不上是巨大的公共衛生災難~~死亡人數不到800~~然而它被當作一種難以想像的災難而著稱,一種絕對不應該被允許發生的災難。
But of course a new outbreak has occurred.
然而,現在顯然又暴發了。
Does this mean that the state will suffer? I don't think so. For despite their mistrust of the system, people overall are going along with the lockdown. In private conversations and on chat rooms, they say it's impossible not to take drastic action in a country as big as China.
這是否意味著政府將遭殃?我不這麼認為。因為儘管人們不信任體制,但他們總體上是接受封鎖的。在私下談話和聊天群裡,他們說,像中國這樣大的國家不採取嚴厲措施是不可能的。
In this sense, the population has absorbed the government's narrative of Chinese exceptionalism: Running China requires a strong hand, and these measures, as absurd as they seem, are proof that the government is doing a good job — and portend that the party will come out of this, as always, triumphant.
從這個意義上講,人民已經吸收了政府的中國例外說:治理中國需要用鐵腕,而這些看上去荒唐的措施正說明政府做的很好~~並預示黨將一如既往地突破困境,取得勝利。

張彥(@iandenisjohnson)在北京生活超過20年,因 其正在撰寫的一本有關歷史記憶的著作成為羅伯特·B·西爾弗斯基金會一項資金的首批獲得者之一。

翻譯:紐約時報中文網

點擊查看本文英文版。










No comments: